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Mitochondrial

SS-31 Guia & Tabela de Dose

A mitochondria-targeting peptide researched for cellular energetics.

Também conhecido comoElamipretide
Meia-vidashort
Viasubcutaneous
SS-31 — Tabela de dose
Cada linha citada
ObjetivoDoseFrequênciaDuraçãoEvidênciaFonte
Primary mitochondrial myopathy (PMM) treatment 40 mg 1x/day 24 weeks Clinical PMID 37268435
Apenas para fins de pesquisa e educação. Não é aconselhamento médico.

What is SS-31?

SS-31 — also called Elamipretide, MTP-131, or Bendavia — is a small synthetic peptide made up of just four amino acids (a tetrapeptide). Its defining trait is that it travels straight to the mitochondria, the tiny power plants inside every cell. That precise targeting has made it one of the most studied mitochondria-focused research compounds in recent years.[5]

Researchers classify SS-31 in the mitochondrial peptide category. It is strictly a research compound — it is not approved for general human use, and nothing here is medical advice.

How SS-31 Works

Think of your mitochondria like a car engine. Over time — or under stress — the engine's inner parts corrode, fuel efficiency drops, and harmful exhaust builds up. SS-31 acts a bit like a targeted engine-repair kit.

More precisely, SS-31 binds to a special fat molecule called cardiolipin, which sits in the inner membrane of mitochondria. By grabbing onto cardiolipin, SS-31 does three key things:[5]

  • Stabilizes the inner membrane structure — keeping the folded inner walls (called cristae) intact so energy production can run efficiently.
  • Reduces oxidative stress — mopping up damaging reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are the cellular equivalent of engine exhaust.
  • Boosts ATP production — ATP is the cell's energy currency, so more of it means better-functioning cells.[5]

Because mitochondrial dysfunction shows up in so many diseases — heart failure, neurodegeneration, muscle disease, and more — researchers are exploring whether fixing the mitochondria with SS-31 can help across a wide range of conditions.[5]

What the Research Shows

Brain and Memory

In a 2019 mouse study, animals with inflammation-triggered memory problems were treated with SS-31. The peptide improved mitochondrial function, reduced oxidative stress, and even helped restore the tiny branching structures on neurons (called dendritic spines) that are critical for memory. Learning and memory test scores improved significantly.[1] Researchers suggested SS-31 could be relevant to a condition called perioperative neurocognitive disorder — cognitive problems sometimes seen after surgery.[1]

Heart Protection

A 2025 study looked at heart muscle cells that had been starved of oxygen and then re-oxygenated — mimicking what happens during a heart attack and recovery. A compound combining SS-31 with another agent protected the heart cells by maintaining iron balance inside the cell, improving mitochondrial function, and blocking a harmful cell-death process called ferroptosis (a type of cell death driven by iron and fat oxidation).[2]

In aging heart research, eight weeks of SS-31 treatment in old mice almost completely reversed age-related chemical damage to heart proteins — specifically a type of oxidative modification called S-glutathionylation. Many of the proteins restored were involved in mitochondrial and cardiac function.[4]

Lung Fibrosis

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive, fatal scarring of the lungs with few treatment options. In a mouse model of IPF, SS-31 significantly reduced lung scarring and inflammation. It worked by activating a protective cellular pathway (Nrf2) that in turn switched off an inflammation trigger called the NLRP3 inflammasome inside immune cells called macrophages.[3] Two key inflammatory proteins — IL-1β and IL-18 — dropped to less than half their previous levels with SS-31 treatment.[3]

Eye Disease

Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in retinal cells play a role in age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of blindness. SS-31 has been identified as a candidate therapeutic for protecting retinal cells from this type of damage.[6]

Clinical Trials

SS-31 has moved beyond animal studies into human clinical trials, including PROGRESS-HF (heart failure), TAZPOWER (Barth syndrome), MMPOWER-3 (primary mitochondrial myopathy), and ReCLAIM, highlighting its broad research interest.[5]

What SS-31 Is Being Studied For

  • Primary mitochondrial myopathy (muscle weakness caused by mitochondrial disease)[5]
  • Heart failure and ischemia-reperfusion (heart attack) injury[2][5]
  • Age-related changes in heart function[4]
  • Neuroinflammation and cognitive decline[1]
  • Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis[3]
  • Age-related macular degeneration[6]
  • Metabolic syndromes and muscle atrophy[5]

How SS-31 Is Dosed in Research

Dosing in research settings varies by the condition being studied and the study design. The best reference for specific amounts is the dosage chart on this page — for example, clinical research in primary mitochondrial myopathy has used a defined daily dose administered over a 24-week period, which you can find listed there. For help calculating amounts based on concentration and volume, use the calculator on this site. Always note that these figures come from published clinical and preclinical research and are for reference only — SS-31 is not approved for human therapeutic use.

Mixing and Storing SS-31

SS-31 for research is typically supplied as a lyophilized (freeze-dried) powder. To reconstitute it, researchers generally add sterile bacteriostatic water or sterile saline slowly to the vial, gently swirling — never shaking — until fully dissolved. The resulting solution is usually stored refrigerated (around 4°C) for short-term use, or frozen at -20°C or lower for longer storage. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles should be avoided because they can degrade the peptide. Always follow the certificate of analysis supplied with your specific research-grade batch and use appropriate sterile technique throughout.

Sources

  1. Elamipretide (SS-31) improves mitochondrial dysfunction, synaptic and memory impairment induced by lipopolysaccharide in mice. — Journal of neuroinflammation, 2019. PMID 31747905.
  2. SS-31@Fer-1 Alleviates ferroptosis in hypoxia/reoxygenation cardiomyocytes via mitochondrial targeting. — Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie, 2025. PMID 39848110.
  3. Elamipretide(SS-31) Attenuates Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis by Inhibiting the Nrf2-Dependent NLRP3 Inflammasome in Macrophages. — Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland), 2023. PMID 38136142.
  4. Elamipretide (SS-31) treatment attenuates age-associated post-translational modifications of heart proteins. — GeroScience, 2021. PMID 34480713.
  5. Elamipretide: A Review of Its Structure, Mechanism of Action, and Therapeutic Potential. — International journal of molecular sciences, 2025. PMID 39940712.
  6. Potential Therapeutic Candidates for Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD). — Cells, 2021. PMID 34572131.

SS-31 Perguntas

What is SS-31?
SS-31 (also called Elamipretide or Bendavia) is a synthetic four-amino-acid peptide designed to target mitochondria — the energy-producing structures inside cells. It binds to a key inner-membrane lipid called cardiolipin to stabilize mitochondrial structure and reduce damaging oxidative stress. It is a research compound, not an approved drug for general use.[5]
How does SS-31 work?
SS-31 homes in on the inner mitochondrial membrane and latches onto a lipid called cardiolipin. This stabilizes the folded inner walls of the mitochondria (cristae), reduces the buildup of harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS), and helps boost ATP — the cell's main energy currency. The result is better-functioning, more resilient mitochondria.[5]
What is SS-31 used for in research?
Researchers are investigating SS-31 across several areas: primary mitochondrial myopathy, heart failure, ischemia-reperfusion injury, age-related heart changes, neuroinflammation and memory impairment, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, age-related macular degeneration, and metabolic disorders.[1][2][3][4][5][6] Multiple human clinical trials are currently underway or completed.
How is SS-31 dosed in research?
Doses depend on the condition and study protocol. Clinical research in primary mitochondrial myopathy used a specific daily dose over 24 weeks — see the dosage chart on this page for exact figures. Use the calculator to work out volumes for your research. These are reference figures only; SS-31 is not approved for human therapeutic use.[5]
How do you reconstitute SS-31?
SS-31 typically comes as a freeze-dried powder. Add sterile bacteriostatic water or sterile saline slowly to the vial, swirling gently until dissolved. Store the reconstituted solution at 4°C for short-term use or at -20°C for longer storage. Avoid shaking the vial and minimize freeze-thaw cycles to preserve peptide integrity. Always follow the certificate of analysis for your specific batch.
Is SS-31 safe?
In published research, SS-31 has been described as showing a favorable safety profile across multiple preclinical and clinical studies, including human trials in conditions like primary mitochondrial myopathy and heart failure.[5] However, it is not an approved therapeutic, long-term human safety data are still being gathered, and nothing here constitutes medical advice. Consult qualified professionals before any human use.